Based on the data from the population censuses and the 1% population sampling survey, this paper analyzes the trend of working life expectancy and its regional differences of the rural older population in China from 2010 to 2020. The results indicate that the proportion of working people among the rural older population has been declining since 2010, and their working life expectancy has decreased steadily while their non-working life expectancy has increased. The study also reveals significant gender and regional disparities in the working life expectancy of the rural older population: older males, and those residing in agriculturally developed and population-outflowing areas have a longer working life expectancy and less leisure time in their later lives. There are five typical patterns of working life expectancy extension for the rural older population, which are closely linked to the living standards, willingness to work, labor capacity, and working environment of the older population in the region. The research serves as an inspiration for authorities and society to empower rural older workers while providing them with a well-designed and powerful economic safety net.

Using the 2018 China Longitudinal Ageing Social Survey (CLASS2018), this study constructs a composite index representing “productive ageing” based on nine activities, including helping children do housework, caring for grandchildren, and working. By employing simultaneous equations model, the health performance of “productive ageing” in China is identified. The results show that participation in “productive ageing” activities significantly improves the physical and mental health of older adults. These impacts differ significantly across gender, age, and education levels. When the participation level of “productive ageing” activities is low to moderate, its improvement effect on the physical health of older adults is better. However, when the frequency of helping children do housework and working is moderate, it negatively affects the mental health of older people. The effect of the number of “productive ageing” activities on older adults' physical and mental health exhibits an inverted Ushaped distribution. Notably, two or three “productive ageing” activities yield the best physical and mental health performance for older people.

The family care burden for female caregivers is becoming heavier with the population aging．Using data of the 2009 China Health and Nutrition Survey，this paper identifies the influence of family care on female labor force participation rate with a two-stage residual inclusion( 2SR I) model． There is an endogeneity problem which leads to an underestimate of the influence of family care on female labor force participation rate，and the two-stage least squares and two-stage predictor substitution would overstate the negative effect on labor force participation．The 2SRI estimator is consistent and effective to solve endogeneity in nonlinear models．The family elder care significantly reduces female la- bor force participation rate by 12． 46% ．In addition，the impact on labor force participation is greater among women living in rural areas，living with parents and having few siblings．